Biological, Psychological, And Sociocultural Viewpoints

Biological, psychological, and sociocultural viewpoints have been developed in an attempt to explain schizophrenia. All three viewpoints point out various factors that may contribute to the development of the disorder. Biological theorists believe that individuals may have a genetic predisposition for the schizophrenia if a close family member has been diagnosed with the disorder. Stress during adolescent years seems to provoke the disorder among individuals who have a family history of the disorder. In addition, this theory suggests biochemical abnormalities related to the dopamine neurotransmitters may also contribute to the illness as the brains neurotransmission of the dopamine is too frequent in occurrence (Comer, 2005). CAT and MRI scans have also indicated that abnormal brain structuring may also play a role in the development of schizophrenia due to a common occurrence of enlarged ventricles within schizophrenia sufferers (Comer, 2005). Various parts of the brain may not develop for function properly which seems lead to Type II schizophrenia. Studies have also pointed towards the idea that exposure to certain viruses before birth may lead to the eventual development of schizophrenia (Com er, 2005). The psychodynamic explanation of the psychological viewpoint is based upon Freud’s theory that schizophrenia develops from two psychological processes: regression to a pre-ego stage and efforts to reestablish ego control (Comer, 2005). Freud believed that symptomsShow MoreRelatedHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology1320 Words   |  6 PagesEarly childhood trauma was a favored subject of Freud; he theorized that all unconscious drives stemmed from early childhood experiences. As important as Freud’s theories were James Cattell was the one who specialized in psychological assessment. Along the way the American Psychological Association (APA) was formed in 1892 and in 1896 the birth of clinical psychology was developed at the University of Pennsylvania (History of Psychology (387 BC to Present), 2003). Deinstitutionalization, a movementRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Disorder?850 Words   |  4 Pagesand regions, which leads to impaired cognitive processing, which is shown with both positive and negative symptoms (Sue et al., 2014). Those are just two of many ways that biology can lead to schizophrenia. Another cause for schizophrenia is psychological factors. Individuals with certain cognitive characteristics, dysfunctional beliefs, and interpersonal functioning may be predisposed to developing schizophrenia (Sue et al., 2014). â€Å"Deficits in empathy and a tendency to focus only on one’s ownRead MoreThe Idea Of The Multipath Model1705 Words   |  7 Pagesunderlying mental disorder. The four dimensions of multipath model include biological, psychological, social and sociocultural dimension. According to (Sue et al. 2014, p.31) dimension one is biological factors which include â€Å"genetics, brain anatomy, biochemical imbalances, central nervous system functioning, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and so forth.† (Sue et al. 2014, p.31) also states that dimension two is psychological factors which include â€Å"personality, cognition, emotion, learning, stressRead MoreThe Psychological Factors That Influence The Way People Think3147 Words   |  13 PagesIntroduction: Discrimination is a huge and delicate topic in the world today, but first, discrimination needs to be explained. There are many psychological factors that influence the way people think. The way individuals think causes the thoughts of discrimination; therefore, an individual’s psychological makeup will determine their view of others. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex (SocialRead MoreThe Different Stages Of Human Development1617 Words   |  7 Pagestheir growing and specific developments compared to other human developmental stages. Also, different theoretical perspectives will substantiate the selected developmental stage and which is most useful. The importance of the studies and different viewpoints will shed light on childhood structures to appreciate human growth and behavior. Childhood Features The childhood physical characteristics are dissimilar between the stage of early childhood and adolescence. During this time of transition, thereRead MoreThe Effects Of Stigma Surrounding Mental Illness1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaddressed: to what extent does stigma surrounding mental illness affect the treatment of patients in healthcare and society? To explore the effects of stigma surrounding mental illness, it is essential to understand the issue through historical, sociocultural, economic, and scientific lenses. Before examining the stigma around mental illness, it is vital to understand the science behind mental disorders. Everything originates at the building block of the nervous system: the neuron. â€Å"Brain Basics†Read MorePsy 270 Week 5 Discussion Questions Answers and Research5721 Words   |  23 Pagesdiscussion question by clicking on Reply. Discussion Question Review Ch. 10 of Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. Choose a theoretical viewpoint based on your readings. Answer the following questions: How does your theoretical viewpoint explain the causes of substance abuse, and what treatments does it recommend? What are some of the strengths or weaknesses of your viewpoint? Psychodynamic theorists explain the causes or substance abuse as related to dependency issues dating back to early childhood. ThisRead MoreFamily Separations And Its Effects On Family Relations1130 Words   |  5 Pagesto this time been little feeling of the commonness of these types of family separations, nor of the impacts on family relations. Further, such research has by and large been led with clinical populaces utilizing Western theoretical structures and viewpoints of families, restricting its relevance to outsider families. The information introduced in this article are gotten from a bicoastal, interdisciplinary investigation of 385 early young people starting from China, Central America, the Dominican RepublicRead MoreUnderstanding General Anxiety Disorder And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1616 Words   |  7 Pagesare many different interpretations of this disorder based on different type of psychological theories. The different viewpoints include sociocultural perspective, psychodynamic perspective, humanistic perspective, cognitive perspective, and biological perspective, though the most influential in the treatment of GAD are the biological and cognitive perspectives. The cognitive perspective often describe psychological problems as dysfunctional ways of thinking. There are many cognitive symptoms butRead MoreAnalysis Of Norman Shaw s Norman 1115 Words   |  5 PagesClinical History After an encounter with Norman where he was extremely, unpredictably angry, one of his teachers referred Norman to a clinician. In initial sessions, Norman does not necessarily seem consciously aware that he is experiencing any psychological problems. It has been brought to Norman’s attention (by a friend) that he experiences frequent blackouts. Norman cannot recall the blackouts nor can he recall his actions while he is in that state. Very little information could be taken from these

Breast Cancer A Malignant Tumor - 1203 Words

Chapter I - Introduction Breast cancer is defined as a malignant tumor in the cells of the breast. A cancerous tumor develops when a group of malignant cells invade the tissue surrounding the breast and can spread to other parts of the body (Cancer.org, 2015). This type of cancer is most common in women. However, men can also fall victim to the disease. In 2015, about 230,000 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed in women and approximately 40,000 women will die from this disease (Cancer.org, 2015). White Non-Hispanic women have the highest incidence rates for breast cancer; however, African American women have higher mortality rates. Cancer disparities to these non-Hispanics are purported by various factors. These disparities can†¦show more content†¦Breast cancer accounts for almost 14 percent of all cancer cases in the Bronx County, and 9% of all cancer related deaths The best survival rates occur for those who are diagnosed with early stage disease, the American Cancer Society reports tha t between 60 percent of breast cancer cases in the Bronx were found at an early stage. The Bronx County has been reported to contain the largest number of breast cancer deaths and also contribute to the rising levels of breast cancer death in New York (Cancer.org, 2015). Purpose Statement The purpose of this study is to further investigate the role of factors that influence Breast Cancer risks among African American women, ages 40-64 living in the Bronx. Recent studies from large cancer databases have consistently shown that in comparison to White Non-Hispanic women, African American women who have breast cancer often delay seeking treatment. This might be a contributing factor to the disparities in mortality rates. This quantitative and descriptive research aims to investigate the relationship between higher breast cancer mortality rates in African American women and low socioeconomic status. A broad search of literature was reviewed in order to better understand the relation between these variables and their impact on poor treatment outcomes for African American women. Significance of Study Research shows that African American women are predisposed to more aggressive tumors that are more advanced upon diagnosis. This

Key Principles of Economics Free Essays

3 Key Elements of Economics There are many key factors that make up the economic system all which must work together in order to effectively direct scarce inputs into wanted outputs. For this purpose the focus will be on 3 of those key elements. this includes the idea of no such thing as a free lunch, transactions as an obstacle to trade, and how the invisible hand directs buyers and sellers toward activities that increase general welfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Principles of Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now All three of these elements are essential for a greater understanding of how the economy thrives. In our market, resources are limited yet humans desire for goods and services is nearly infinite. Because of this there is no such thing as a free lunch. The sacrifice most commonly thought of in receiving lunch is the monetary cost however there are other sacrifices as well. Productivity, which provides the money for that lunch, is a large sacrifice when we stop to take a lunch break as in this explanation. However, the main sacrifice to focus on is the cost that we pay for any good or service. This sacrifice is something both consumers and producers must face. To say that you did not pay for the lunch you received still does not make it free to you or the person who paid the bill. It simply shifts the cost, it does not reduce it. As consumers we are always looking to get more for less. Yet what we do not see so directly, is how the cost of any given good influences us on what we choose to purchase. With out comparing the cost advantage of given products we as consumers would end up using the money we had intended for groceries perhaps on other items that are not of equal value. Therefore, if Sally goes out shopping with the intent of buying only a few essential items that her daughter will need for the winter weather and does not consider the cost of what she is buying she could easily over spend and have to sacrifice at the grocery store. Or maybe Sally will then not be able to heat her house effectively. Both of these are examples of items that are more essential to Sally and her daughter’s well being than the brand name of her daughter’s clothing. This shows how by purchasing the more expensive clothes for her daughter Sally is no longer able to direct her resources as effectively as she could have had she perhaps taken her daughter to Goodwill and gotten clothes that are just as effective for less money. For producers the cost that most effects them is of the resources they use to make any given product. If a paper mill produces only two types of paper type A and type B Then in order for the paper mill to produce 500 bundles of each type of paper the mill must accrue the cost of only being able to make 500 bundles of type A because they must also make 500 bundles of type B instead of 1000 of type A and none of type B. This also shows cost because 1000 bundles of type A is the cost of 0 bundles of type B. Trade is a voluntary exchange of goods of services however, trade cost the consumer and the producer. The producer must pay things like time effort, shipping, and negotiations in order to make the sale. These cost then get reflected on to the consumer in order to create a profit. Transaction cost are effected by several factors physical obstacles, lack or information, government taxing and regulations, and middle men. Physical obstacles such as rivers, mountains, and oceans all increase transaction cost because they increase the difficulty of getting the product from the shipping point to the destination. This can be seen in the cost of nearly anything. If John orders a new muffler for his Toyota motor cycle and it has to be shipped from Japan he will incur a much larger transaction cost than if he had ordered the part locally because that muffler must travel across the ocean and possibly some other land barriers. Lack of information is costly in the way of the producer and consumer. If the producer of an anatomy book is looking to find a consumer they producer must spend valuable time looking for a consumer because they are unaware of where they might find the consumer. The same goes for the consumer who must look for a producer or other student who has the book he or she needs. This could also involve finding multiple sellers of the right book in order to compare price and get the most value for his or her dollar. This all takes time in which the producer and consumer could be doing more productive things therefore bringing in more income. As most people are well aware of the government increases transaction cost in varying ways including taxes, licensing requirements, price controls, tariffs, and quotas. Every time I go to the grocery store I can look at my receipt and see where I was taxed. Some things only have a 2. 5% tax others have a 5% tax. This increases my cost of trade by the percentage of tax on every item I purchase in a given transaction. Government also increases transaction cost on other nations by enforcing tariffs in which a tax must be paid in order to import the goods shipped here to the U. S. Another example is in licensing. If I want to go fishing legally I must first buy a fishing license. Therefore I must pay in order to go and fish for the good of potentially catching my dinner. The final element of economics that will be covered is the invisible hand, how market prices direct buyers and sellers toward activities that promote general welfare. Every person is out for his or her own gain however, what he or she does not realize is that the â€Å"invisible hand† or market prices promotes the goals of others which leads to greater riches for everyone. For producers the actions of the consumer allows them to know how to adjust to meet the demands of the consumer. It reflects information about a consumers preferences in regards to cost, timing, location and circumstances. For example if people are able to get canned pumpkin all year at the super market but around thanksgiving the demand for canned pumpkin sky rockets in Louisiana then the producer can then tell that they are able to raise the price of the pumpkin in Louisiana and because they raised the price they can also afford to supply more cans of pumpkin with out the fear of the canned pumpkin expiring on the shelf. For the consumer to buy a product the consumer must feel they are getting at least the monetary value of the good they are buying. Therefore, if the pumpkin is priced too high the consumer will reduce the amount that they buy causing spoilage and costing the producer. However, if the price is too low the producer will see a great increase is the purchase of the pumpkin because the consumer now thinks they are getting more for their money than before. This is how the â€Å"invisible hand† directs prices by showing when there is a surplus or shortage allowing for the market to self adjust to cross over clearing where there is very little excess or shortage in the real world. How to cite Key Principles of Economics, Papers

BULLIES IN SCHOOL Essay Example For Students

BULLIES IN SCHOOL Essay Upon reading last Sundays issue of the Cincinnati Enquirer, then scanning the Editorial Pages my eyes were drawn to thick black letters entitling a column Time to pick on bullies. This editorial of Bill Thompson immediately laid claim that after a school shooting, news follows that the shooter was bullied by fellow students. Seeing where this topic was headed, I was intrigued to read on. After a short reminiscent review of how kids used to either tolerate the ridiculer, or as Mr. Thompson wrote, resort to an old fashioned schoolyard fist fight. He then began fortifying his stand on the issue. Three schools, which, fell victim to such a crime as a school shooting were used as examples. The first, Santana High School in Santee, California. Secondly he mentioned a Catholic school in Williamsport, Pa. And finally, the school which broke in this sick trend, Columbine High school in Colorado. Now, by this point I was wondering if I had picked the wrong columnist, but out of nowhere I saw his whole case fall apart. He writes, and I quote, We are ready, willing, and able to blame the epidemic of school shootings on the right to bare arms, on the shooters parents, on violent music, video games and TV shows. Why dont we want to place some blame on the bullies who drive these kids to murder?It was after reading that statement that I knew Id picked a winner. I mean, was this guy serious? To place blame on our right to bare arms makes for good sense because it answers the question of how these kids are arming themselves. As for blaming the shooters parents, that topic alone spans the spectrum of parented morality. Our environment growing up whether it is where we live, to how our parents cared for us, all aspects of our childhood good or bad carry with us through life eventually molding us into adults. And when it comes to the level of violence in music, video games, and television that simply boils down to parental decision. The entertainment industry rarely slows its money machine to consider the w elfare of its listeners and viewers. To be perfectly honest, I dont feel it should have to. These quotes left me even more aggravated at how society is viewing this problem. Its as though theyre reaching for explanations as to why. Well how will we ever be able to answer that? This epidemic is exactly that, an epidemic. To end an epidemic you must eliminate the host and in this case the host is the schools. Surveillance, guards, weapons detection are all options we as a nation dont want to admit to. But, these are the times we live in and these times require certain steps to ensure our childrens safety. In closing, I just felt every example Bill Thompson expressed was not just a cop-out for why mainstream violence has become an epidemic. Every one of them can affect and supply a young impressionable mind with the means to murder. But to say we must now place legal blame on those so-called bullies is just madness. We are all individuals capable of making choices. Our laws are made to punish those who chose poorly not our poorly chosen influences.