British Healthcare System

Heath Care in the United Kingdom The British Health Care system (or National Healthcare Service NHS) is one of the best in the world. The British government, through the National Health Service, provides the majority of health care. The program is funded by taxes, and the entire system is free at the point of service. Each nation has its own part of the health care service, so, National Health Service (England) Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland  (HSENI), NHS Scotland, and NHS Wales. Each system operates independently, but if a citizen needs treatment in another country isn’t a problem.Foreign nationals will receive free treatment if they are in an emergency in the United Kingdom, and if you become a permanent resident of the UK and have been there for 12 months you will also receive free healthcare. About 18% or (4. 9% of their GDP from 2000-10) of the United Kingdom’s budget is used on the NHS, or about ? 119 billion ($190 billion). The Conservatives are ver y fond of their brilliant health care plan of course, saying that: â€Å"The NHS is our country's most precious asset.Over the last two years, because of the dedication of staff across the country, the NHS has maintained or improved quality across the board – reducing waiting times to record lows, reducing hospital infections to their lowest levels ever, increasing access to dentistry, delivering more doctors and fewer administrators, and giving thousands of patients the cancer drugs they need† (Conservatives) Currently, there is plenty of criticism surrounding the NHS among the shadow party, one major issue being that the ‘NHS is on a fast track to fragmentation. –Andy Burnham the shadow health secretary. â€Å"He said politicians needed to challenge the assumption that autonomy always led to improvement. While some organizations had thrived on autonomy, such as inner city teaching hospitals, others had struggled – leading to high profile failures such as the deaths at Mid Staffordshire hospital. We are genuinely at a big fork in the road,† Burnham said. â€Å"We're on a fast track to fragmentation. Partnership is very important in that context.Once it's been smashed to bits we have to try and glue bits back together. He said the key partnership in the sector was between health and local government, adding that he feared placing commissioning in the hands of clinicians would lead to a patient-centred, rather than person-centred, approach to health. † (Guardian) There is still much to be done to make perfect the NHS. The Conservatives have about 6 main goals that needs to get done in the near future: * Cutting the cost of NHS administration * â€Å"We will cut NHS bureaucracy by ? 4. billion over the course of this Parliament and reinvest every penny straight into frontline patient services. † * Giving more power to patients * We will allow patients the choice to register with a GP practice of their choice for the first time. * We will roll out personal health budgets allowing people to have more choice, flexibility and control over the health services and care they receive * Giving doctors and nurses the power to commission services for their patients * We will hand over commissioning power to the 212 Clinical Commissioning Groups in April 2013. Conservatives) Also, another criticism is that there could be a possibility for User Spending as stated by Professor Lord Darzi: â€Å"A review of the NHS  prompted criticism of the government and the department of health for paving the way for user charging,  and so contradicting the NHS Plan 2000 which stated that â€Å"user charges are unfair and inequitable in they increase the proportion of funding from the unhealthy, old and poor compared with the healthy, young and wealthy†.The report also introduces the concept of ‘personal budgets'. † (Wikipedia/ ‘High Quality Care For All’) Sources: http://www. conservatives. com/Policy/Where_we_stand/Health. aspx http://www. guardian. co. uk/healthcare-network/2012/oct/03/andy-burnham-nhs-reforms-fragmentation http://www. economist. com/node/21557793 Professor Lord Darzi KBE (2008-06-30). â€Å"High Quality Health Care For All† http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/01/nhs. health1

The Consumption of Alcohol by Aboriginal People Is an Important Social Issue in Modern Australia, and as Such This Essay Will Focus on Exploring It in Relation to Current Literature

Course: Bachelor of Applied Social Science ASSESSMENT DETAILS Unit/Module: Introduction to Contemporary Society Assessment Name: Academic Essay Assessment Number: 1 Term & Year: Term 2, 2011 Word Count: 530 DECLARATION I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. The consumption of Alcohol by Aboriginal people is an important social issue in modern Australia, and as such this essay will focus on exploring it in relation to current literature. Marxist argues that the health status of individuals exist because of inequalities in society and the broader influences of society need to be addressed (van Krieken et al. , 2006). Environmental factors in the human environment are known as the social determinants of health and could include education, health behaviours, employment, social integration, socioeconomic and income. (Health and Ageing, 2009). According to Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Aboriginals are more disadvantaged compared to non-Indigenous people and socioeconomic factors have been taken into consideration to identify the relationship between alcohol and drug use . Even thou there have been improvements made to a variety of social determinants, statistics still show that Aboriginals have more obstacles to overcome than the non-Indigenous Australians. (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). To have a better understanding of the alcohol use among Aboriginals, the historical context needs to be taken into account (van Krieken et al. , 2006). The Aboriginals were exposed to alcohol, preceding the ‘First Fleet’ in 1788 where it’s availability increased remarkably after European contact. After the settlers had introduced alcohol as an exchange for sex and labour it soon became obvious that alcohol had a negative effect (Saggers and Gray, 1998). Aboriginals used alcohol as a ‘remedy-all’ for their pain and many of them used it as an agent to cope with the fact that they were being ruled by non-indigenous people. In the late 19th century laws were brought about to restrict Aboriginals from accessing alcohol. The laws did little to reduce the alcohol consumption but instead excluded Aboriginals from important social activities (Saggers and Gray, 1998). Martin and Brady (2004) suggest that out of fear of being captured and rejected, Aboriginals developed patterns of harmful drinking which continues to this day and have a major impact on their health – whilst the non-Indigenous Australians profited from the sale (Department of Health and Ageing, 2009) A history of social determinants such as social exclusion, a legal framework supporting the removal of children from families, removal from country and racism have influenced the health status of Aboriginals. It was believed that during the colonisation period, Aboriginals were a dying race and a protection policy was implemented. They lost their independence due to this policy which forced them to give up where they lived and how they lived (van Krieken et al. , 2006). After the World War II, a new policy was introduced where Aboriginals were to become one (assimilated) and recognised as part of the Australian population. This included removal of children from their families – which had a disastrous ramifications on Aboriginals way of life and family (van Krieken et al. 2006). In conclusion, we can see that the influence of social factors have had a big impact on the way Aboriginals consume alcohol. As a result the activities and behaviours of Aboriginals need to be seen in it’s historical context and improvements need to be made for the inadequate living arrangement and social state that is being experience by many Aboriginals. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (2 009) National Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander social survey, 2008. Retrieved from http://www. abs. gov. au/ausstats/[email  protected] nsf/mf/4714. 0? OpenDocument Martin D, Brady M (2004) Human rights, drinking rights? : alcohol policy and Indigenous Australians. Lancet; 364(9441), 1282-3 Department of Health and Ageing. (2009, April 20). Men’s Health Policy Information Paper Executive Summary. Retrieved from www. health. gov. au/internet/main/publishing. nsf/ Content/mhipExecSum-09-mhipExecSum-09-ch2 van Krieken, R. , Habibis, D. , Smith, P. Hutchins, B. , Martin, G. & Maton, K. (2006). Sociology (3rd Ed. ). Sydney, Australia: Pearson Education Saggers S, Gray D (1998) Dealing with alcohol: Indigenous usage in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press ———————– In order to ensure your assessment is correctly identified, the information and declaration below must be copied and pasted on to the title page of each written assessment. You must enter your own details prior to submission.

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tort law - Essay Example However, contact is the basic element of battery. Since contact is an essential element of battery, there must be an absence of contact for an assault. In other words loosing battery comes under the ambit of an assault2. As per the law of UK both the offenses can be booked under criminal and law of tort. Therefore, anyone who found guilty under the offenses is liable for prosecution under the criminal and civil law. Under the criminal law assault is an attempt to commit a battery one some one’s body3. Intention or motive behind an offense is necessary. The defendant or the attacker must have intention or motive to harm someone bodily. Assault and battery have two motives a) one in retaliation and b) in self defense. The intention or motive involved in assault and battery should appear on the body of the aggrieved person. If there is no intention or motive of a person to bodily harm another person, legally cannot be considered guilty of offenses as mentioned hereinabove4. Conse nt In all civilized states, consent is used in defense of civil assault and battery by the offenders. However, combating with mutual consensus does not deprive anybody of his or her legal right to sue. However, there is difference of opinion amongst the jurists whether the criminal assault or battery can be used in defense of any person. ... Self-Defense A commonly used term wherein a person can use a certain degree of force to save himself from bodily injuries inflicted upon by another person. Now it is up to jury to determine whether the degree of force used in self defense is valid and permissible under the law. If a man by his or her own will initiate fight without justified reasons against another person cannot be treated such fight in self dense. Here, the intention and motive of a person does matter6. As far as the use of force against the offender with an object to save himself or herself in retaliation of an aggressor’s attempt is justifiable under the law. In all the countries around the globe, a defender can use deadly weapon to save his or her life provided his or her life is in danger. In majority states, law provides support to a person who may stand in front of an aggressor to defend himself although the chances of safe escape from the scene are there7. The court will examine the degree of force use d by the defender against the offender under the circumstances was justified or not. The following factors should be taken into account by the jury while deciding the matter a) age b) size and c) strength of participants8. Defense of Others Helping out others in their turmoil or in case of need treated valid defense provided the defender was not at fault. In case of defending others, the defender’s right to claim self defense of a protected person cannot be undermined. In few cases the defender reasonably believes that he or she was in need of help to come out of the worst scenario9. The law of tort treats the assault and battery an attack on the security and safety of a person life hence the wrong done to the victims attracts compensation for the damages. Under the civil law, the

Family Nurse Practitioner in Primary Care Assignment

Family Nurse Practitioner in Primary Care - Assignment Example The program was widely opposed by physician and nurses and many people from the nursing profession, their objection was regarding the title of the program as they believed that it is something very ambiguous and such training programs in primary care will easily â€Å"control and devour nursing education and practice† (O’Brien, 2003). With the passage of time, primary care programs for nurses have grown and have been classified into different programs: Women Health Nurse Practitioner, Family Nurse Practitioner, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner, Adult Nurse Practitioner, Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, Geriatric Nurse Practitioner and Psych-Mental Health Nurse Practitioner. A family nurse practitioner is a registered nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and Masters of Science in nursing degree. A family nurse practitioner is also a qualified and competent member of the healthcare sector, who is ready to fill a sensitive position of family nurse practitioner in primary care to provide services to meet the demands of the society. Family Nurse Practitioners have proven their efficiencies and effectiveness in providing high quality and cost effective health care services and health care consumers have also sensed the importance and value of a good service. A family nurse practitioner has several roles to choose from as a base for her career. FNP is able to serve the population living in both urban and rural areas such as hospitals, public health departments, physician offices, HMOs, community health centers, nursing homes, home health agencies and student health clinics. FNP is capable of providing them health care in acute illness, high blood press ure, headache, diabetes, chronic illness and obesity (Zerwekh. & Claborn., 2004). After the completion of nursing program/studies, nurses have many choices of roles to choose from as a final field to start practice. For a nurse practitioner,

A business report about the company called friend Essay

A business report about the company called friend - Essay Example I (David) took the responsibility of finding out solutions to their problems. Therefore a business report is compiled, which itemises each department and issue so that every problem can be studied. After discussion with the owners and then studying their marketing approach, it appears that they have no such plan at all. They believe in advertising through their customers; however it is evident that the customer base is not at all increasing. Their customers might be loyal, but are not good at advertising them. Similarly there is no customer base in the two cafà ©-bars too. Most people only come there by chance. The cafà ©-bars again are not advertised. The saloons and bar both sell different products. It can be established that the products need to be suited for the targeted audience. The saloons can sell Aveda products directly to their customers, to get extra income. The bars too can cut their menu to more focused foods. No advertising is used at all. Publicity to increase sales is missing as well. The fact that local music events are organized at the bars makes it easier to introduce new products. This opportunity needs to be utilized in order to publicise the saloons without any additional cost. Understanding the customer better allows designing appropriate products. The Friends have to understand that they can no longer survive with their current customer base. For example, in the cafà ©-bars the food sure has variety, but no focus. This makes customer less likely to come to the bars. After inquiring for some customers it was noticed that the environment at the saloons was not customer friendly. The services given by the staff aren’t satisfactory, thought the haircuts were good. The overall processes of the business are run on ad-hoc basis, with no planning at all. Processes need to be streamlined and a clear guideline has to be established. Friends can utilise their personal relationship to promote themselves, they can easily make promotional

UK Taxation System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Taxation System - Research Paper Example There are certain types of income that do not attract tax. They are benefits, income from tax-exempt accounts and special pensions. Residents of the UK are eligible for tax-free allowance called personal allowance, which is an amount of taxable income which the resident is allowed to earn each year. This allowance is free of tax. For the year 2008-2009, the tax-free amount is fixed at '5,435. If the individual is over the age of sixty-five, this amount is likely to increase. A registered blind person can claim tax-free blind person's allowance. Income tax is applicable on taxable income after the tax-free allowances. Certain deductible reliefs and allowance will reduce the tax bill of an individual. Some of the deductible allowances are married couple allowance, maintenance payment relief, and tax relief on pension, donations to charity based on gift aid or payroll giving. There are some other amounts which can be reduced from the tax bill. They are an allowance that decreases tax in retirement, tax advantages of personal pension and offers to charity (Income Tax, n.d). The revenue-raising methods of the UK government have come to debate with the abolition of 10 percent tax. The 10 percent tax was abolished to simplify the tax system. This is likely to affect the poor household which enjoyed limitations in paying tax. The reduction of the tax rate from 22 to 20 percent and the abolition of 10 percent tax are set to affect people whose annual income is less than '18,500. This initiative has raised argument because five million people who fall under the low earning group is targeted to raise more tax revenues. Simplification of tax is appreciable but the abolition of 10 percent requires identification of people who fall under the category and necessary benefits should be provided to help them. While families without children would be the worst effect, low-income families with children are expected to be in a better position. The tax reform will affect the already high cost of living of poor people (Abolition of 10 p tax, 2008).

Sufficiency Economy Philosophy Research Proposal

Sufficiency Economy Philosophy - Research Proposal Example Post Graduate Degree Holder Direction: Please encircle any of the number provided for at the right-end of each item/statement to best express your honest judgment by using the following code. Category Weight Always 5 Often 4 Sometimes 3 Rarely 2 Never 1 I. Buddhism's Middle Way 5 4 3 2 1 1. Does your company exhibit the happiness, wisdom, peace, and nirvana 5 4 3 2 1 2. Is your company manager bossy 5 4 3 2 1 3. Have you felt satisfaction in your company 5 4 3 2 1 4. Is there a prayer time for every employee 5 4 3 2 1 5. Are you competitive with other companies in terms of output, input, price, and profit 5 4 3 2 1 6. Do your company sponsors sport activities for your employees 5 4 3 2 1 7. Does your company project harmonious relationship with other companies 5 4 3 2 1 8. Does your company do charity work 5 4 3 2 1 9. Do you promote environmental awareness 5 4 3 2 1 10. Do you do regular promotion on environmental concern 5 4 3 2 1 II. Moderate spending 5 4 3 2 1 1. Does your company offer board and lodging 5 4 3 2 1 2. Is there brand new company car 5 4 3 2 1 3. Do you often attend socializations/party 5 4 3 2 1 4. Does your company possess high tech machineries 5 4 3 2 1 5. Does your company spend moderately 5 4 3 2 1 III. Reasonable life conduct 5 4 3 2 1 1. Does your company give insurance or retirement benefit 5 4 3 2 1 2. Do you have vacation leave with pay 5 4 3 2 1 3. Have you received regular incentives 5 4 3 2 1 4. Does your company offer commensurate salaries 5 4 3 2 1 5. Does your company offer health benefits 5 4 3 2 1 IV. Self-protection 5 4 3 2 1 1. Do you...A convenient sampling method will also be used in this study. The research will be conducted for (12) months considering the number of days for the preparation of the survey questions, fielding and retrieval of survey questions, plus the tabulation, statistical treatment and analysis. The study will be delimited to the Thailand respondents who are Thailand citizens. The name of the respondents will not be presented on this study to protect the respondents' privacy for confidentiality reasons. However, their data will be presented to reveal the level of understanding among different organizations in Thailand as to the sufficiency economy philosophy. Average Mean. This is used to determine the respondents' level of understanding. This was computed by adding the sum of value of responses of respondents (range 1 to 5), divided by the total number of respondents.